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operating in southern California for two years. It was built and is operated by International Environmental Solutions, ofRomo|and, CA' 3.7 Plasma Arc The o|aanla arc furnace is a ronlrnerda| unit process made and marketed by Westinghouse. It has been successfully applied to a variety of industrial applications; however, there are no commercial-scale plasma arc systems firing MSVV in the United States at the time of this report. There are pilot plants used for ash vitrification in Japan and a smaller Japanese facility firing MSVV, but attempts to apply this process in the United States have not yet been successful. However, several vendors are advancing projects as described earlier. The electric power requirements for the torch are significant, and maintenance of torches and reactor refractory materials is also a significant expense item. Few, if any of the plasma arc pilot facilities have been able to generate a fuel gas (syngas), and air emissions have been found to be no better than conventional incineration systems. The Atlanta firm Geop|asrna has development contract and is negotiating a contract for implementation of a large plasma arc facility for MSVV in St. Lucia County, Florida, which will also to be used for processing mined landfill waste. The City of Tallahassee, Florida approved the contract for Green Power Systems to begin development of a 1,000 TPD plasma gasification plant, which is scheduled to begin operations in2O1O' 3.8 Biological Fuel Production 3.8.1 Cellulosic Ethanol There are a number of commercial facilities in the U.S. (See Table 3-3) and worldwide producing cellulosic ethanol, a biofue| produced from |ignoceUu|oae, a structural material that comprises much of the mass of plants. These facilities utilize a variety of biomass feedstocks. Biomass is any living or naoant|y dead biological rneteha| that can be used as fuel or for industrial production. Biomass feedstocks include crops grown specifically for use as a feedstock, such as corn or hemp, agricultural residues, and other organic residues and wastes, including the organic portion of MSVV' At the time of this report, no U.S. facilities are feeding MSVV but a number of vendors are planning to use K4BVV as a feedstock. ` Abengoa 8ioenergy owns and operates five cellulosic ethanol facilities throughout the United States and Europe with a total production capacity of over 200 million gallons annually. It is currently the fifth largest producer of cellulosic ethanol in the United States with a total of four plants located in Kansas, New Mexico, and Nebraska. The most recent began operations in mid 2007, bhngingAbengoa Bioenergy'snannep|ate capacity to more than 200 million gallons per year in the U.S' In addition, Abengoa 8ioenergy operates four plants in Europe. The world's first commercial scale demonstration biomass plant is being constructed bvAbangoa BUoenmrgyto exhibit its biomass-to-ethanol process technology. Located in Gabi|afuente (Salamanca), Spain, the biomass plant will process 77 tons of agricultural residues, such as wheat straw, each day and produce over 1.3 million gallons of fuel grade ethanol per year. 8ioathano| is most currently used in Brazil, where longstanding policies promote and encourage the use ofbioetheno| as fuel for transportation. GBB/C08027-01 7 August 15, 2008