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CONTEMPORARY DESIGN POLICY MANAGEMENT HYBRID PLANS LAND USE DESIGN MANAGEMENT PLAN 19908 DEVELOPMENT L vRRB 19808 �' �LICy 1'1.A14 1970s LAND SIFICA,nON PLAN CL 19608 GENERA PLAN - 19508 A Perloff 1980 Chapin 1965 Beaman 1928 AU 1976 Growth Management 1970s, Fagin 1959 Kent 1964 Planning Enabling Oregon 1973 AU 1976 Meyerson 1956 701 Requirements' - Act 1928 CZMA 1972 Planning Theory 1960s Walker 1941 1949.1954 Olmsted 1910 McHarg 1969 Bassett 1938 Burnham 1909 Hawaii 1961 FIGURE 1. The family tree of the land use plan eral Oglethorpe's plan for Savannah.,- These plans, eluding "the general location and extent of new public however, were blueprints for undeveloped sites, com- improvements ... and in the case of private develop - missioned by unitary authorities with power to imple- merits, -the general distribution amongst various ment them unilaterally (Reps 1965). classes of land uses, such as residential, business, and In this century, perhaps the most influential early industrial uses ... designed for the future, twenty- city plan was Daniel Burnham's plan for Chicago, five to fifty years" (Black 1968, 352 -3). Together, published by the Commercial Club of Chicago (a Olmsted and Bettman anticipated the development of civic, not a government entity) in 1909 (Schlereth -,the midcentury land use plan. 1981). The archetypical plan -as- inspirational- vision, Another early influence, the federal Standard City it focuses only on design of public spaces as a City Planning Enabling Act of 1928, shaped enabling acts Beautiful effort. passed by many states. However, the Act left many The City Beautiful approach was soon broadened planners and public officials confused about the dif- to a more comprehensive view. At the 1911 National ference between a master plan and a zoning ordinance, Conference on City Planning, Frederick Law Olmsted, so that hundreds of communities adopted "zoning Jr., son of the famous landscape architect and in his plane without having created comprehensive plans as own right one of the fathers of planning, defined a city , the basis for zoning (Black 1968, 353). Because the Act plan as encompassing all uses of land, private prop - also did not make clear the importance of comprehen- erty, public sites, and transportation. Alfred Bettman, siveness or define the essential elements of physical de speaking at the 1928 National Conference of City velopment, no consensus about the essential content Planning, envisioned the plan as a master design for of the plan existed. the physical development of the city's territory, in Ten years later, Edward Bassett's book, The Master APA JOXMNAL- stnrrnM 1995 L36