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Maternal and Infant Health Significant racial and ethnic disparities in maternal dis- ease and death exist in the U.S. Non-Hispanic African Maternal Health American women are three-to-four times more likely to die from a pregnancy related death compared to White The health of women and children is vital to creating a women. Growing research shows that quality health- healthy world. Despite great progress, approximately care, from preconception through postpartum care, may 800 women die every day from preventable pregnancy be a critical component for improving outcomes for and childbirth related causes88. racial and ethnic minority women90. There are a number of factors, including preconception Teenage Pregnancy health status, age, access to appropriate preconcep- tion and prenatal health care, and poverty that can Teen pregnancy is defined as any woman who con- affect pregnancy and childbirth. Infant and child health ceives between the ages of 15 and 19 years of age. outcomes are similarly influenced by factors such as While many believe that teen pregnancy is a growing education, family income, breastfeeding, and physical problem, NC's teen pregnancy rate (24.6) is at an all- and mental health of parents and caregivers. time low, with Orange County's rate at 6.2. Between 2016 and 2017, NC's teen pregnancy rate declined by 5%. Maternal health factors are a leading contributor to While significant racial/ethnic disparities still exist, the certain birth outcomes such as preterm birth, low birth- gaps between White teens and their African American weight, birth defects, and infant mortality. Unfortunate- and Hispanic/Latinx counterparts are narrowing. 71% ly in NC, barriers to affordable and consistent healthcare of pregnancies occur among 18 and 19 year olds, while for women pre- and post-conception contribute to pregnancies to minors are increasingly rare. Fewer alarmingly high rates of fetal and infant death each year, teen parents are having subsequent teen pregnancies despite advances in clinical care. INC had the llt" highest and the decline in teen pregnancy is due mainly to an single-year infant mortality rate in the country in 2017 increase in contraceptive use".at a rate of 7.1 per 1,000 live births, compared to the U.S. rate of 5.8 per 1,00089. Table 17: 2018 Teen Pregnancies in Orange County and NC ORANGE COUNTY NORTH CAROLINA Number of pregnancies among 15-19 year old girls 43 8,255 Teen pregnancy rate per 1,00015-19 year old girls 6.2 24.6 TEEN PREGNANCY RATES BY RACE/ETHNICITY African American 33.7 Hispanic/Latinx 41.4 White 16.1 TEEN PREGNANCY RATES BY AGE 15-17 year olds 10.6 18-19 year olds 8.1 44.0 Number of pregnancies among 15-17 year old girls 8 2,075 Number of pregnancies among 18-19 year old girls 35 6,180 Syphilis (late syphilis) 7 758 *Rates based on small numbers(<20 pregnancies)are unstable and not provided. 2019 COMMUNITY HEALTH ASSESSMENT 37