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Table 3 : Caries experience expressed as number of affected tooth surfaces per 30 children in the U . S . child and adolescent population * Observed means in Covariate - adjusted mean counties with difference < 75 % >_75 % < 75 % vs . 0 % vs . 100% Age -group, caries index fluoridation fluoridation >_75 % fluoridation fluoridation 2 - 8 yr olds, dfs per 30 children 138 100 42 62 6 - 17 yr olds, DMFS per 30 66 57 7 26 children * Based on observed means reported in Table 4 and regression - model adjusted differences reported in Table 5 of Slade et al . 49 The second publication from the same study investigated income - s [ 1A] Fluoridation coverage associated inequality in dental caries experience , comparing T 7 f <75% population o t >_75% population counties where <75 % of the population was served by fluoridated N 6 P= -1 .06 a 5 water with counties where >_75 % of the population was served by 4 a= a.62 fluoridated water . In the primary dentition , there was a a E 3 statistically significant interaction between county-coverage of 2-fluoridation and household income . The interaction provided a 1 statistical evidence that the income -gradient in dental caries was 0.0 1 .0 2.0 3.0 4.0 attenuated by 41 % in predominantly fluoridated counties Income to poverty ratio Reduction: Income to poverty ratio compared to communities with < 75 % fluoridation ( i . e ., gradients <75% vs. 275% O.s 1 2 3 4 Absolute 2.0 1.8 1.3 0.9 OA of - 1 . 06 and -0 . 62 , respectively; see Figure 1 ) . In the permanent Relative 30% 29% 26% 22% 15% dentition, the gradient was also attenuated , but not to a Figure 1 : Income -gradients in dental caries of U . S . children are attenuated by fluoridation . 50 statistically significant degree . As such, fluoride in drinking water represents a rare preventive intervention that is associated with greater preventive benefits in low- income groups than in high - income groups . In addition to the original studies reported in Table 2, there have been two systematic reviews reported since the 2015 Cochrane systematic review (Table 4) .