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Table 2 : Studies reported since the 2015 Cochrane systematic review
<br /> Year(s) and setting for data Methods (row 1)
<br /> collection Results ( row 2)
<br /> 1986 to 2003 Brazil, DMFT Time-series analysis of ecological data (550 records from 428 locations) linked to area-level measures of fluoridation and socio-
<br /> of 12-yr-old children 12 economic status.
<br /> Compared to non-fluoridated communities, mean DMFT was 0.94 lower in fluoridated communities.
<br /> 1999-2008 and 2011-2012 Sequential cross-sectional surveys of dental examination and radiograph records recorded pre-fluoridation (1998-2008; n=201) and
<br /> Australia, dmft of 4-9 yr 3-years post-fluoridation (2011-2012, n=256) n= children living in a remote Indigenous community of Australia before (n=393) and
<br /> olds73 after fluoridation (n-263) .
<br /> Significant three year reductions in mean dmft (4.54 to 3. 66) .
<br /> 1999-2014 United States, National, cross-sectional surveys of 16,718 children whose county-of-residence was classified according to percentage of the
<br /> dmfs and DMFS of 2-17 yr population served by community water fluoridation .
<br /> olds49 Mean dmfs of 2-8 yr olds was less in counties with >-75% of population served by fluoridated water (mean =3 .3) than in counties
<br /> with <75% of population served by fluoridated water ( mean = 4. 6). Mean DMFS of 6-17 yr olds was likewise lower ( 1 .9 versus 2. 2,
<br /> respectively)
<br /> 1999-2014 United States, National, cross-sectional surveys of 16,718 children listed above, where household income-to-poverty ration was used to compute
<br /> dmfs and DMFS of 2-17 yr absolute- and relative measures in income-related inequality in caries.
<br /> olds 5o In the primary dentition, there was a statistically significant interaction between county-coverage of fluoridation and income that
<br /> attenuated the income-gradient in dental caries. In the permanent dentition, the gradient was also attenuated, but no to a
<br /> statistically significant degree. (See Figure 1)
<br /> 2003 and 2008, Alaska, Medicaid dental treatment claims for 0-18 yr olds analyzed in 2003 (n = 853) during fluoridation and five years later (n = 1052), five
<br /> Medicaid claims for dental years after cessation of fluoridation .
<br /> caries treatment Following cessation of fluoridation, there were significant increases number of caries-related procedures per child (2.35 vs. 2.02)
<br /> and in treatment costs (varying according to age group from 28% to 111%.
<br /> 2005 and 2012, Australia, Sequential cross-sectional surveys of children living in a remote Indigenous community of Australia before (n=393) and after
<br /> dmft and DMFT of 4-12 yr fluoridation (n-263).
<br /> olds 14 Significant seven-year reductions in mean dmft (4.44 to 2.76) and mean DMFT (2.08 to 1.32)
<br /> 2008-2012, Australia, dmft Three sequential cross-sectional surveys in one city before and after fluoridation (average n=827 per survey year) and in a control
<br /> of 5-7 year olds 51* location which had no fluoridation throughout (average n=610 per survey year)
<br /> Four-year reduction in mean dmft was greater in city that implemented fluoridation (2.02 to 0.72) than in non-fluoridated
<br /> comparison area (2.09 to 1.21)
<br /> 2011-2012 Australia, dmft Cross-sectional study of 10,825 children classified as living either in the fluoridated metropolitan area or the non-fluoridated south-
<br /> and DMFT of 5-12 year west area of Western Australia
<br /> olds52 Mean dmft was significantly greater in non-fluoridated (e.g., 5-yr-old dmft=1.6) than fluoridated area (5-yr-old dmft =1. 1). Mean
<br /> DMFT was greater, though not statistically significantly so, in non-fluoridated (e.g., 12-yr-old DMFT=0.82) than in fluoridated area
<br /> (12-yr-old DMFT=0.60)
<br /> 2012-2014, Australia, National, cross-sectional study of 21,328 children classified as living either in the fluoridated or non-fluoridated areas; absolute
<br /> income-inequality in dmfs measure of income inequality in dental caries computed as the regression-slope index of inequality
<br /> and DMFS of 5-14 yr olds 53 Absolute income-related inequality in dmfs of 5-9 yr olds was less in fluoridated areas (-4. 18) than in non-fluoridated areas(-6.20).
<br /> Absolute inequality in DMFS of 9-14 yr olds was less in fluoridated areas (-0.60) than in non-fluoridated areas(-1.66)
<br /> 2009-2014, Canada, Sequential cross-sectional surveys in 2009-10 (n=511) when Calgary water was fluoridated and in 2013-14, (n=2980), 2-3 years after
<br /> socioeconomic inequalities defluoridation . Socio-economic inequities in dmft and DMFT gradients were computed according to a) small-area measures of
<br /> in caries of grade 2 socio-economic deprivation; and b) dental insurance
<br /> children15 Inequities in caries experience according to dental insurance status and by small area material deprivation were more apparent in
<br /> 2013/14 than in 2009/10.
<br /> 2009-2012, England, Cross-sectional, ecological analysis of n= 32,482 local statistical areas, 12% of which were fluoridated. Dental caries measured in 5-
<br /> multiple caries-related year-olds (dmft) and 12-year olds ( DMFT) in the National Dental Epidemiology Program . Rates of dentally-related hospitalization
<br /> outcomes in children 54 were from national hospital episode statistics (HES) for children aged 1-4 years.
<br /> After adjustment for ethnicity and socio-economic deprivation, there was 28% lower likelihood of dental caries in fluoridated areas
<br /> versus non-fluoridated areas for 5-year olds, and 21% lower likelihood for 12-year olds. Fluoridated areas had 45% fewer dental-
<br /> caries related hospital admissions of 1-4 year olds compared to non-fluoridated areas.
<br /> 2015, South Korea Examination survey of 6-, 8- and 11-year-old South Korean children living in fluoridated Okcheon and non-fluoridated Yeongdong.
<br /> education-inequality in Questionnaires determine educational attainment of parents.
<br /> dmf Education-associated inequalities in dental caries were statistically significant in Okcheon but absent in Yeongdong.
<br /> * Prior to publication, results from this study were used in the Cochrane systematic review
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