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101 Comprehensive Review of Solid Waste Collection and Disposal Options used to achieve a different balance of the gaseous by- products, mainly the production of a hydrogen (H) -rich gas with smaller quantities of carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2). The refined gas, primarily H and CO, is termed syngas and has many direct applications such as powering a turbine to produce electricity and potentially for use as a feedstock to produce alternative vehicular fuel (ethanol), or other chemical compounds. Most of these processes require an external heat source under normal operating conditions. This is usually hot, clean air that captures heat from the downstream gas combustion process. A basic gasification process is shown in Exhibit 12 -6. Gasification processes have attracted much interest because the process is inherently more efficient than a combustion -based process, the syngas is a relatively clean energy source and the plant may generate less troublesome air emissions overall. Exhibit 12-6. Basic Gasification Process A relatively recent development for solid waste conversion using the gasification process, that employs a unique heating source, is known as a plasma are converter. Although there are many variations, a typical plasma are converter uses an array of plasma torches to generate temperatures in the reactor of more than 5,000 °C. This extremely high temperature, coupled with a gasification environment has shown potential in small laboratory test units to achieve a very high efficiency in decomposing the organic fraction of the waste to syngas, while generating a slag material from the inert fraction. The slag has potential for use as a substitute ingredient in potentially many building materials, including concrete structural elements (e.g., wall panels and blocks, etc.) and asphalt. A plasma is an ionized gas that results when a basic gas, such as nitrogen or air is passed through an electrical are struck between two electrodes. The electrodes are constructed into a torch that directs the plasma arc. The intense heat created by the arc can be used to treat many materials, v2.1 1 67 10/22/12 TH ER %,iAL ( osificution) 1= errnenter Air or 0s Ethanol for ;- Vehicle Fuel MsW Air Lock - - }� • Potter generation by Rendar various Means MRF —� {Gasifierr 1<mi3Sitrn • other use3 in Treatment manufacturing Heat p Ref�rramer Source Char Ash Steam A relatively recent development for solid waste conversion using the gasification process, that employs a unique heating source, is known as a plasma are converter. Although there are many variations, a typical plasma are converter uses an array of plasma torches to generate temperatures in the reactor of more than 5,000 °C. This extremely high temperature, coupled with a gasification environment has shown potential in small laboratory test units to achieve a very high efficiency in decomposing the organic fraction of the waste to syngas, while generating a slag material from the inert fraction. The slag has potential for use as a substitute ingredient in potentially many building materials, including concrete structural elements (e.g., wall panels and blocks, etc.) and asphalt. A plasma is an ionized gas that results when a basic gas, such as nitrogen or air is passed through an electrical are struck between two electrodes. The electrodes are constructed into a torch that directs the plasma arc. The intense heat created by the arc can be used to treat many materials, v2.1 1 67 10/22/12