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•TA Comprehensive Review of Solid Waste Collection and Disposal Options Rotary Kiln, As an inclined cylinder rotates, it causes a tumbling action to expose unburned material and advance the waste down the length of the kiln. Mass burn incineration produces ash resides amounting to 15 to 30% by weight and 5 to 10 % by volume of the incoming municipal solid waste. Most facilities can produce an ash product that has less than 5% combustible material and 0.2 % putrescible matter. Recovery of ferrous and non - ferrous materials from the ash residue is possible in mass -burn systems. Many facilities have successfully utilized magnetic separators (with or without trommels) to recover ferrous material from the ash. Some systems have attempted to recover the remaining non - magnetic fraction in the ash, such as aluminum and glass, using various trommels, screens, jigs and fluid separators. 12.3.2.2 Operations Experience Mass burning incinerators have been used in Europe and Japan for municipal solid waste disposal for nearly 30 years where their acceptance has been rapid and widespread. With over 500 facilities in operation worldwide in sizes ranging from 60 to 3,000 tons per day, mass fired incineration is the most thoroughly demonstrated technology in the WTE field at this time. This technology was introduced into the United States in 1967 at the U.S. Naval Station in Norfolk, Virginia with the construction of a 360 ton per day waterwall plant to produce process energy for the Naval Shipyard, This plant was designed in America and equipped with American equipment, Later plants, which were constructed, were almost entirely designed using state-of-the-art European mass incineration technology. The National Resource Recovery Association publishes a seani- annual update of WTE activities in the United States. At the time of this comprehensive report, there are 98 WTE facilities using mass incineration technology. Based on our experience with these plants, SCS assumes that an experienced staff of more than 12 people, spread over three shifts per day, is required to continuously operate a mass burn plant of the size potentially applicable to the Town or region. The introduction of European technology into the United States has not been without difficulties and several of the earlier constructed plants encountered some mechanical problems. These highly reliable and rugged European systems had been designed to burn solid waste that was somewhat different in composition than American wastes. Consequently, systems that had been designed for European conditions required designers to make adjustments in the grate areas and furnace heat release rates of American plants. In addition, the higher chloride corrosion of the superheaters in American plants meant that designers needed to change the metallurgy of these boiler tubes, as well as limiting the upper stream pressures and temperatures to minimize tube corrosion. Scale -up problems also had to be overcome since many of the European unites were designed for the 300 to 500 tons per day range. These problems have been corrected, and most mass -burn systems that have been constructed are still in operation today. v2.1 160 10%22/12