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56 implementing federal programs or filling in locally important gaps in federal programs. Section 111 of the federal Clean Air Act directs the U.S. EPA to establish pollution control requirements for certain industrial activities which emit significant "criteria air pollutants." These requirements are known as new source performance standards (NSPS) and regulate pollutants. For thermal destruction of solid waste, the NSPS control particulate matter (PM), sulfur dioxide(S02), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrogen chloride (HCI), dioxins /furans, cadmium, lead, mercury, fugitive ash and opacity. NSPS are detailed in Chapter 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Part 60 (40 CFR Part 60), and are intended primarily to establish minimum nationwide requirements for new facilities. Section 112 of the pre -1990 federal Clean Air Act directed the U.S. EPA to establish standards to reduce emissions of hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). These pollutants include asbestos, benzene, beryllium, inorganic arsenic, mercury, radionuclides, and vinyl chloride. National emission standards for hazardous air pollutants (NESHAPs) are detailed in 40 CFR Part 61 and establish minimum nationwide requirements for existing and new facilities. The post -1990 NESHAPs require the maximum achievable control technology (MACT) for a particular industrial source category, and are often referred to as "MACT standards." The pre -1990 Clean Air Act prescribed a risk -based chemical -by- chemical approach. The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments outlined a new approach with two main components. The first component involves establishing technology -based source category standards, and the second component involves addressing any significant remaining risk after the national standards are in place. The NESHAPs promulgated under the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments can be found in 40 CFR Part 63 and establish nationwide requirements for existing and new facilities. The U.S. EPA may implement and enforce the requirements, or the U.S. EPA may delegate such authority to state or local regulatory agencies. Clean Air Act Section 111 and 112 emissions limits applicable to new Municipal Waste Combustors are: Dioxin /furan (CDD /CDF) Cadmium (Cd) Lead (Pb) Mercury (Hg) Particulate Matter (PM) Hydrogen chloride (HCl) Sulfur dioxide (SO2) Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) 13 nanograms per dry standard cubic meter 10 micrograms per dry standard cubic meter 140 micrograms per dry standard cubic meter 50 micrograms per dry standard cubic meter 20 milligrams per dry standard cubic meter 25 PPM or 95 percent reduction 30 ppm or 80 percent reduction 180 ppm dry volume, and 150 ppm dry volume after first year of operation A new source review (NSR) permit is required for a new municipal waste combustor and, in addition, depending on its size and emission quantities, it must meet the prevention of significant deterioration (PSD) permit requirements. 5.3.1.2 Air Quality Impacts In the early 1980s, dioxins were discovered in the exhaust of a WTE facility on Long Island, NY. This chemical, toxic to animals in even very small quantities, was considered a major pollutant. Other WTE plants were tested, as well as other GBB/C08027 -01 27 August 15, 2008