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35 <br />Basic Environmental Engineering of Chicago. They have each been supplying <br />incineration systems for MSW and other wastes for over 25 years. <br />Other U.S. firms, such as Energy Answers of Albany, NY, and Covanta Energy of <br />Fairfield, NJ, are marketing project development and management services for WTE <br />modular facilities. <br />3.3 Refuse - derived Fuel /Dedicated Boiler <br />As with mass -burn systems, there have not been any new Refuse - derived Fuel (RDF) <br />systems constructed in the United States in the past decade. For most of the 12 RDF <br />WTE facilities currently in operation, Excel, Veolia and Covanta Energy are the <br />operating contractors. The front -end processing utilizes a variety of unit processes <br />depending upon the boiler requirements and the design philosophy. The unit process <br />equipment, shredders, magnetic separators, screens, conveyors, etc., are all <br />standard items available from a variety of manufacturers. <br />Equipment used in this technology is adapted from equipment provided in coal -fired <br />electricity generation plants, and there are many established system and equipment <br />suppliers marketing in the U.S., such as Foster Wheeler, Riley, Babcock and Wilcox, <br />Detroit Stoker, ABB and Wartsila. <br />3.4 RDF /Fluidized Bed <br />While there are several RDF /fluid bed systems operating in Europe (particularly in <br />Scandinavia, where a number of fluid bed incinerator manufacturers are located), <br />there is only one such facility in operation in the United States, located in French <br />Island, WI. It is owned and operated by Excel Energy of Minneapolis. The <br />equipment was supplied by Energy Products of Idaho in Coeur d'Alene, the only U.S. <br />firm currently manufacturing these furnaces for RDF firing. <br />3.5 Gasification <br />Japan currently has seven plants operating with gasification technology. At least two <br />of these facilities fire MSW, with the largest firing up to 700 TPD of MSW. In Europe <br />and Asia, approximately 20 syngas gasification facilities are operating on MSW. Most <br />of these facilities are relatively small, processing less than 10 TPD with none <br />designed to process more than 70 TPD. <br />3.6 Pyrolysis <br />With pyrolysis, MSW is heated in an oxygen- starved environment to produce a fuel <br />gas that is then incinerated to generate steam and /or electricity. In the 1970s, a <br />number of pyrolysis facilities were constructed using MSW as a feedstock. Several <br />were built with partial funding provided by U.S. EPA. The largest of these was the <br />Monsanto facility in Baltimore, MD, which had a capacity of 1,000 TPD. This facility <br />did not meet its environmental requirements due to operational scale -up problems <br />and was torn down. Other smaller, 100 to 200 TPD, MSW pyrolysis facilities were <br />built at that time by Union Carbide, Anco Torrax, and Occidental Petroleum. These <br />facilities were recipients of U.S. EPA grant funds and were closed for operational and <br />financial reasons. Currently, there are no full -scale pyrolysis systems in commercial <br />operation on MSW in the United States. A pilot demonstration system has been <br />GBB/C08027 -01 6 August 15, 2008 <br />