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Comprehensive Review of S olid W aste Collection and Disposal Options v2.1 vi 10/22/12 10.0 Disposal Option – Direct Haul to Out-of-County Landfill ......................................................... 137 10.1 Identified Target Landfill Facilities ...................................................................................... 137 10.2 Scenario Modeling Analysis .................................................................................................. 140 10.3 Scenario Modeling Results .................................................................................................... 141 10.3.1 Results – Current Seven Routes 2 Days Per Week ........................................... 141 10.3.2 Net Present Value Evaluation................................................................................ 143 10.4 Other Considerations ............................................................................................................. 144 10.4.1 Long-Term Tip Fee and Mileage Analysis .......................................................... 144 10.4.2 Disposal Option Sustainability Analysis .............................................................. 144 10.5 Conclusions and Recommendations ...................................................................................... 144 11.0 Disposal Option – Site/ Construct a New Landfill ..................................................................... 145 11.1 Evaluate Development of a New Town-Only or Regional Landfill ............................... 145 11.1.1 Landfill Siting Challenges ...................................................................................... 145 11.1.1.1 Advantages......................................................................................... 146 11.1.1.2 Disadvantages ................................................................................... 146 11.1.2 Projected 30-Year Disposal Needs ..................................................................... 146 11.1.3 Estimated Landfill Development Costs ................................................................. 149 11.1.4 Estimated Landfill Operations Costs .................................................................... 151 11.1.5 Closure and Post-Closure Care Cost Estimates .................................................. 152 11.1.6 Summary of Landfill Development, Operations, Closure, and Post-Closure Costs ......................................................................................................................... 153 11.1.7 Conclusion and Recommendations ........................................................................ 153 12.0 Alternative Technologies – Town of Chapel Hill Benchmark ..................................................... 154 12.1 Reasons to Select a WTE or WC Technology .................................................................... 154 12.2 Classification of Technologies ............................................................................................... 155 12.3 Conventional WTE Technology ............................................................................................. 156 12.3.1 Basic Combustion System ....................................................................................... 156 12.3.1.1 Stages of Combustion ....................................................................... 157 12.3.1.2 Waste-to-Energy Solid Waste Combustors .................................. 157 12.3.1.3 Products of Combustion .................................................................... 158 12.3.2 Mass Burning ............................................................................................................ 158 12.3.2.1 Process Description ............................................................................ 158 12.3.2.2 Operations Experience ..................................................................... 160 12.3.3 Modular Combustion ............................................................................................... 161 12.3.4 Refuse-Derived Fuel Systems ................................................................................ 164 12.4 Alternative WC Technologies ............................................................................................... 166 12.4.1 Thermal ...................................................................................................................... 166 12.4.1.1 Pyrolysis - Gasification ..................................................................... 166 12.4.1.2 Autoclave ............................................................................................. 168 12.4.2 Biological .................................................................................................................. 169 12.4.2.1 Anaerobic Process ............................................................................. 169 12.4.2.2 Aerobic Process .................................................................................. 170 12.4.3 Bio-Chemical ............................................................................................................. 170 12.5 Status of Commercial Operating WTE and WC Facilities .............................................. 171 12.5.1 Waste-to-Energy ..................................................................................................... 171 12.5.2 Waste Conversion ................................................................................................... 172