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Federal Funding for Syringe Services Programs:
<br />Saving Money, Promoting Public Safety, and Improving Public Health 7
<br />www.amfar.org
<br />References
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<br />2 CDC. (2012). HIV surveillance in injection drug users (through 2010).
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<br />3 For more on the goal of an AIDS-Free Generation, see http://www.pepfar.
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<br />4 CDC. (2012). Hepatitis C FAQs for health professionals: Overview and
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<br />5 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2005). World drug report
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<br />6 Bluthenthal, R.N., Kral, A.H., Gee, L., Erringer, E.A., & Edlin, B.R. (2000).
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<br />7 Des Jarlais, D.C., Guardino, V., Nugent, A., Arasteh, K., & Purchase, D.
<br />(2012). (unpublished data) 2010 National survey of syringe exchange
<br />programs: summary of results. North American Syringe Exchange
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<br />8 Ibid.
<br />9 Des Jarlais, D.C., Guardino, V., Nugent, A., Arasteh, A., & Purchase,
<br />D. 2011 National Survey of Syringe Exchange Programs: Summary of
<br />Results. Presented at the 9th National Harm Reduction Conference: “From
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<br />10 MacNeil, J., & Pauly, B. (2011). Needle exchange as a safe haven in an
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<br />11 Des Jarlais D.C., McKnight, C., Goldblatt, C., & Purchase, D. (2009).
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<br />12 McNeil, R., Guirguis-Younger, M., Dilley, L.B., Aubry, T.D., Turnbull, J.,
<br />& Hwang, S.W. (2012). Harm reduction services as a point-of-entry to
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<br />13 For this publication, the term “syringes” refers to both syringes and
<br />needles.
<br />14 World Health Organization. (2004). Effectiveness of sterile needle and
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<br />15 National Institutes of Health. (February 11-13, 1997). Consensus
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<br />20 Tookes, H.E., et al. (2012). A comparison of syringe disposal practices among
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<br />21 Hagan, H., McGough, J.P., Thiede, H., Hopkins, S., Duchin, J., & Alexander,
<br />E.R. (2000). Reduced injection frequency and increased entry and retention in
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<br />22 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2010. Public law 111-117. (December 16,
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<br />23 Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012. Public law 112-74. (December 23,
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<br />24 amfAR. (2012). Syringe exchange programs in the United States, 2012 (map).
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<br />Hill/3_29_12_SEP_Map_FINAL.pdf. (date last accessed: November 13, 2012)
<br />25 Nguyen, T.Q., Weir, B.W., Pinkerton, S.D., Des Jarlais, D.C., & Holtgrave, D.
<br />(July 23, 2012). Increasing investment in syringe exchange is cost-saving HIV
<br />prevention: modeling hypothetical syringe coverage levels in the United States
<br />(MOAE0204). Presented at the XIX International AIDS Conference, Washington
<br />D.C. Session available online at http://pag.aids2012.org/session.aspx?s=198.
<br />(date last accessed: December 11, 2012) The model assumed that
<br />approximately 2,500 infections occur each year as a consequence of sharing
<br />injecting equipment in the United States.
<br />26 Des Jarlais D.C., McKnight, C., & Milliken, J. (2004). Public funding of US
<br />syringe exchange programs. Journal of Urban Health, 81(1), 118-21.
<br />27 Schackman, B.R., Gebo, K.A., & Walensky, R.P. et al. (November 2006). The
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<br />28 Knowlton, A.R., Hoover, D.R., Chung, S.E., Celentano, D.D., Vlahov, D., & Latkin,
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<br />29 Mizuno, Y. et al. (2006). Correlates of health care utilization among HIV-
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<br />30 Ibid.
<br />31 CDC. (September 2002). Fact sheet: Viral hepatitis and injection drug users.
<br />Available online at: http://www.cdc.gov/idu/hepatitis/viral_hep_drug_use.pdf.
<br />(date last accessed: December 12, 2012)
<br />32 Des Jarlais, D.C., et al. (2005). Reductions in hepatitis C virus and HIV infections
<br />among injecting drug users in New York City, 1990-2001. AIDS, 19(suppl 3),
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<br />33 Des Jarlais, D.C. Personal communication.
<br />34 Nguyen, T.Q., Weir, B.W., Pinkerton, S.D., Des Jarlais, D.C., & Holtgrave, D.
<br />(July 23, 2012). Increasing investment in syringe exchange is cost-saving HIV
<br />prevention: modeling hypothetical syringe coverage levels in the United States
<br />(MOAE0204). Presented at the XIX International AIDS Conference, Washington
<br />D.C. Session available online at http://pag.aids2012.org/session.aspx?s=198.
<br />(date last accessed: December 11, 2012)
<br />35 Ibid.
<br />36 Ibid.
<br />37 Office of.National Drug Control Policy. (2012). 2012 National Drug Control
<br />Strategy. Available online at http://www.whitehouse.gov/ondcp/2012-national-
<br />drug-control-strategy. (date last accessed: December 12, 2012)
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