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a variance, the developer can petition for a contested case hearing,ss and if still unsatisfied, can appeal for judicial review.56 E. Other State Permits Development of a wind facility in state waters would trigger several additional permit requirements. One of the benefits of getting a CAMA permit for coastal development is that it provides a coordinated process for permitting projects in the coastal zone, although the CRC does not have veto power over other permits.57 The major CAMA permit application serves as the application for several other state and federal permits, including, but not limited to, dredge and fill permits under the NC Dredge and Fill Act,ss a permit under the NC Archives and History Act,59 state water and air pollution control permits including a 401 water quality certification, as well as the certificates required by the NC Utilities Commission.6o A 401 certification is required if a project impacts wetlands or waters and triggers a federal 404 wetlands permit by the Army Corps of Engineers. CAMA permits are reviewed by 10 state and 4 federal agencies through the State Clearinghouse process.6i Additionally a wind developer in state water will need to obtain a submerged land lease from the North Carolina Department of Administration.62 A lease will not be considered until all permits and approvals are obtained. II. Local Jurisdiction At the local level, a wind facility in North Carolina would probably need to obtain some sort of local approval, although in some cases this could be as minimal as a building permit. As discussed below, local land use regulations may or may not be applicable depending on the county. Additionally, within the last year, several counties in North Carolina have adopted local ordinances governing the siting of wind facilities. A. Land Use Regulations Zoning is the primary way that local governments regulate land use, setting out development regulations and standards within pre- defined zones. In North Carolina, counties are not required to adopt zoning ordinances. About three quarters of the 100 counties in the state have zoning ordinances — 60 that apply countywide and 18 that apply to only part of the county.63 Nineteen counties, however, do not have any zoning regulations.64 It is worth noting that most of the viable wind resource areas, both coastal and mountains, occur in counties with no or partial zoning.In cases where there is no zoning ordinance or the ordinance does not apply in the proposed location, a wind facility would very likely only be required to obtain a local building permit. As discussed above, state or federal permits may or may not be required, depending on the project, and those permits may or may not require an environmental review or a public input process. It is quite conceivable that a utility-scale wind project on land, either at the coast or in the mountains, could be built with no real consideration of its land use impacts, no environmental review, no design standards or conditions, and no meaningful opportunity for public input. 188 Appendix C