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The below list of resources provide fundamental background information on climate change, adaptation, plan- ning, vulnerability assessments, and adaptive management. This list is not exhaustive, but represents a sample of important and relevant background material that can be used as a reference for understanding basic climate change science and impacts as well as important frameworks for incorporating climate change adaptation into conservation planning. Full references along with associated download information is provided. AFWA. 2009. Voluntary Guidance for States to Incorporate Climate Change into State Wildlife Action Plans and Other Management Plans. Excerpt from the Executive Summary: The Climate Change Wildlife Action Plan Guidance Document provides voluntary guidance for state fish and wildlife agencies wanting to better incorporate the impacts of climate change on wildlife and their habitats into Wildlife Action Plans. The approaches and techniques described in this document will also be useful in modifying other wildlife plans (e.g. big game /upland game /migratory bird plans, joint venture implementation plans, national fish habitat action plan, etc.) to address climate change. The document provides an overview of the information currently avail- able on climate change, tools that can be used to plan for and implement climate change adaptation, voluntary guidance and case studies. http:// www. fishwildlife. org_/ pdfs/ ClimateChanVeGuidance %20Document Final reduced %20size.12df Conservation Measures Partnership (CMP). 2007, October. Open standards for the practice of conserva- tion, version 2.0. The Conservation Measures Partnership. Excerpt from the Executive Summary: Our goal in developing the Open Standards for the Practice of Conser- vation is to bring together common concepts, approaches, and terminology in conservation project design, management, and monitoring in order to help practitioners improve the practice of conservation. In particular, these standards are meant to provide the steps and general guidance necessary for the successful implementation of conservation projects. The members of CMP hope that, by developing these open standards, our colleagues in our respective organizations — and across the conservation landscape — will have a clear roadmap that will assist them to maximize the effectiveness and efficiency of their projects for maximum conservation gain. http : // www oneworldtrust.orV,/csoproject /images /documents /INTL41.pdf Hannah, L. 2010. A global conservation system for climate - change adaptation. Conservation Biology 24:70 -77. Abstract: Climate change has created the need for a new strategic framework for conservation. This framework needs to include new protected areas that account for species range shifts and management that addresses large -scale change across international borders. Actions within the framework must be effective in international waters and across political frontiers and have the ability to accommodate large income and ability -to -pay discrepancies between countries. A global protected -area system responds to these needs. A fully implemented global system of protected areas will help in the transition to a new conservation paradigm robust to climate change and will ensure the integrity of the climate services provided by carbon sequestration from the world's natural habitats. The internationally coordinated response to climate change afforded by such a system could have significant cost savings relative to a system of climate adaptation that unfolds solely at a country level. Implementation of a global system is needed very soon because the effects of climate change on species and ecosystems are already well underway. Annotated Bibliography 161