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tional, landscape, etc) may be a key component of these actions. Actions in this category include all interventions in habitats, ecosystems and species populations to enhance the ability of these targets to accommodate anticipated future climate change impacts. Exam- ples include translocation of species to new loca- tions, barrier island expansion, facilitating marsh migration, and planting species that are thought to be more resilient to anticipated climate changes in a particular location. Implementation of proactive actions may carry a higher degree of uncertainty in terms of meeting the objectives because they may be designed to address a specific climatic change (Lawl- er et al. 2010). Therefore, proactive actions may best be implemented cautiously and refined continuously. While many of these actions are not novel, the way in which they are planned and implemented is novel and reflects the explicit incorporation of information on climate change impacts to species and ecosystems. A conservation project that is not explicitly planned and implemented through a climate change lens, using a process similar to the planning process described above, cannot be consid- ered a climate change adaptation action. Traditional static views of biodiversity will need to be revised to incorporate our understanding of the dynamic and changing landscapes and climates and the process of setting management goals and objectives can no longer be based on meeting historical target condi- tions. Setting strategic priorities for implementation of adaptation actions will be necessary to deal with the pace and magnitude of climate change as well as limited conservation funding and agency natural resource management budgets. Photo: U.S. Global Change Research Program, 2009