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5 3Adq,,, :"ll�tat11i`of'' Sitra1egl11i"er Conservation actions may be classified into three broad types of climate change adaptation strategies — resistance, resilience, and facilitation — aimed to help species, habitats, and ecosystems maintain or change towards a functional future state in response to climate changes. Resistance strategies include those management actions designed to keep an ecosystem or species from changing in response to climate change by limiting exposure to the impacts of climate changes. These types of actions may help to "buy time" for a system in the short -term until other adaptation strat- egies are developed or help to maintain conditions in sensitive or high value ecosystems (Millar et al. 2007) but are unlikely to be viable over longer time periods due to the pace of climate change. The use of dredge material on coastal shorelines or offshore islands to prevent inundation caused by sea level rise and main- tain an intact coastal ecosystem is an example of a resistance strategy. Resilience strategies include management actions aimed at supporting an ecosystem or species by increasing the amount of change that a system can absorb without undergoing a fundamental shift to a different set of processes and structures. Remov- ing invasive species to increase an ecosystem's abil- ity to recover from other disturbances or preserving ecological heterogeneity in a landscape are resilience - building strategies that enable an ecosystem to main- tain ecological functions and biodiversity. These types of strategies are often emphasized as early response options to climate change because they may be more robust to a range of future climate scenarios (Lawler et al. 2010) and because there is less uncer- tainty in how species and ecosystems will respond to these interventions; these types of strategies may be considered the backbone of a strong climate change adaptation response. Facilitation strategies include management actions that are direct interventions to facilitate a change in state of the ecosystem or species population towards a desirable future state with native species, intact ecological functions and continued provisioning of essential ecological services. While management actions that resist change and build resilience may be preferable alternatives for early implementation (Lawler et al. 2010), more targeted actions to manage and direct ecosystem and species -level responses to climate change may be necessary to avoid unsustain- able land management expectations and biodiversity loss (Galatowitsch et al. 2009). Facilitation actions "mimic, assist, or enable ongoing natural adaptive processes such as species dispersal and migration, population mortality and colonization, changes in species dominances and community composition, and changing of disturbance regimes (Millar et al. 2007)," and may be more appropriate for dealing with large degrees of climate change projected in the future depending on the management objective. Actions to facilitate change may include increas- ing landscape connectivity and permeability to allow species and ecological communities to shift in response to climate change, trans- locating sensi- tive species that are unable to keep pace with climate change, changing the plant species used in restora- tion projects, and creating man -made disturbances such as fire treatments. Managell,,' wIPI f' it" actl 1i"onsIfror c/ /i,/I wite change ada ,:71 iltlolr'lr' Translating the resistance, resilience, and facilita- tion strategies into management actions for on -the- ground implementation is a significant challenge. Designing actions is context specific and depends