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r�� F �o. I I IIg(`XgIIIg I III %l,,erola I. %(`XI tIll'I `r (`'XI "1G; �. ill "tell 1 Ae 1('Ss lµy r �l"tdar/e The broad spatial and temporal scales associated with climate change will require collaboration beyond traditional boundaries and the development of non - traditional partnerships in order to accomplish ecologically meaningful conservation goals. Like- wise, the scale of the resources and data needs for the planning process will require conservationists to work collaboratively in order to leverage resources and build on existing tools and approaches. In the face of a changing climate, the development and implementation of complementary federal, state, local, and tribal government as well as private sector, climate adaptation strategies will be necessary to ensure that target species, habitats, and ecosystems are resilient and can adapt to climate change. For example, not every federal or state agency may need to develop a separate approach to assessing species or habitat vulnerability — instead agencies could work in partnership to develop and disseminate a suite of planning tools that can be used by all partners. The Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (AFWA) is currently running regional workshops across all of the partner states to identify opportunities for collab- orating and sharing information on climate change. Partnership development and coordination should begin in the early stages of the planning process. Stakeholders and partners that could be brought into the planning process to facilitate coordination include state and federal agencies (including part- ners from other sectors of government such as state transportation, land use, economic development, disaster planning, and water agencies that will also be developing plans for climate change adaptation for human systems), the interested public, local experts, natural resource -based industries, and the academic community, and conservation non -profit organizations. 5_2_2 S/ciat/a/ a ld Tr rqo(,, / sca/es The scale of climate change is global, but manage- ment decisions are typically made and implement- ed locally. The maintenance of biological diversity and a fully connected network of habitats across the landscape require conservation planning at multiple spatial scales (Angelstam et al. 2003). In the future, management decisions will need to be coordinated at a species' range -wide scale with a broader ecological, social, and economic landscape context in mind. The temporal scale of planning also needs to be consid- ered. Planning horizons are generally short (5 -10 years), but planning for climate change adaptation will require both short and long -term considerations. Although climate changes are projected to accelerate through at least the end of this century, predicting the specific impacts of climate change becomes more uncertain over periods greater than 50 years. Plan- ning time scales will ultimately be project specific but will need to explicitly address uncertainties asso- ciated with the time period chosen. 5_ 23 Illee l } I e lls Vrdrir, ro/olllt) A!;!; es,!; rri erIi Evaluating current conservation approaches and priorities will be a key component of planning and implementing wildlife adaptation strategies under climate change. The pace and scale of climate change, coupled with declining budgets for wildlife management and continuing degradation of habitats, requires conservation practitioners to set clear priori- ties and practice strategic conservation. To do this, wildlife managers may need to address fundamental questions, such as the following list adapted from The Nature Conservancy's guidance on incorporating climate change adaptation into regional conservation assessments (TNC 2009): 1) How do management strategies need to be modified to address current and future impacts of climate change 2) Do exist-