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work may describe the process in a different way, the conservation planning process generally involves the following key steps: The first step in a conservation planning process is to identify and involve key stakeholders. Internal stakeholders will include the group of individuals who comprise your project team and those respon- sible for identifying the scope, vision, and conserva- tion targets. Team members will generally include the managing organization's staff experts as well as other key internal and external partners (CMP 2007). It is especially important to involve all those people who will be responsible for implementing and monitoring the plan. These internal stakeholders will also be responsible for agreeing on the framework for the planning process as well as identifying additional stakeholders. Additional stakeholders will be a valuable part of assessing the resource problem, developing objec- tives, identifying management actions, and promot- ing long -term program support. Stakeholders I�Iln��ll @mll�i Ill�lll�luuuuuuii " " ". �oouiiuouuuuuuui" uuum� i B�iimm ��r�rt rt��o�oo�muuuuuuuuuuuu��muf��IIIIIIIIIIIIIII�IItIIIV�I��lllllllllllllll��l�l�l�lllllllllllllllllll�ll��ld °0 °0 °� ° ° ° ° ° ° °��01��V��,,, Photo: ci. chapel-hill. nc. us should include individuals with a breadth of expe- rience and technical expertise who can identify key areas of uncertainty or factors in the decision - making process. Active adaptive management will require a commitment of time resources and regular engage- ment of stakeholders. Once the project team has been identified, the next step will be to identify conservation targets, where targets are the elements of biodiversity that stakeholders seek to conserve. Conservation plan- ning has traditionally focused on individual species - most often endangered or game species. Over the last decade, government agencies and private orga- nizations have started shifting to conservation plan- ning that is beneficial for the diversity of species and their habitats. This approach attempts to protect whole ecosystems rather than individual pieces of the system in isolation. While there are some species that need special attention, an ecosystem approach provides a more comprehensive look at conservation needs. Thus, in order to ensure the conservation of biodiversity at multiple spatial scales, planners should consider both a course and a fine filter approach. The next or concurrent step is to identify existing and available data, including GIS data, as well as data gaps and key uncertainties. The data available for this process will be a key component of science -based conservation planning, will ensure the stakehold- ers make full use of all relevant information when making their decisions, and will provide the context for understanding threats, potential actions, and identifying ecologically significant areas. This step will also allow the project team to articulate whether additional data may need to be collected, or target future research efforts.