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<br />iven the complexity of climate change and
<br />associated threats to biodiversity, strategic
<br />conservation planning that incorporates
<br />adaptive management will be critical for maintain-
<br />ing important wildlife populations and habitats.
<br />Strategic conservation planning offers a framework
<br />for agencies to organize available data, prioritize
<br />species and habitats based on their vulnerability or
<br />other values, and identify appropriate management
<br />or conservation strategies. If implemented correctly,
<br />adaptive management will provide an opportunity
<br />for `learning by doing' and updating conservation
<br />strategies, which will be key to managing in the face
<br />of uncertainty. Understanding not only the biologi-
<br />cal, but also the political and human dimensions of
<br />conservation are critical for devising a coordinated
<br />plan and implementing sound conservation actions
<br />under climate change. The State Wildlife Action
<br />Plans (SWAPs) offer a unique opportunity for agen-
<br />cies to integrate these dimensions into developing
<br />adaptation strategies and actions for wildlife and
<br />habitat. The SWAPs also provide a template for state
<br />agencies to engage and coordinate climate change
<br />activities both within and between states.
<br />In this chapter, we describe the conservation plan-
<br />ning process, as well as important considerations for
<br />implementation, with specific reference to adaptive
<br />management. We also identify climate change adap-
<br />tation strategies, actions for wildlife and habitat, and
<br />discuss the importance of social and institutional
<br />adaptive capacity for developing and implementing
<br />actions. Finally, we provide information on what
<br />other states are currently doing and identify emerg-
<br />ing federal programs and partnerships, which may
<br />be critical for regionally coordinated climate change
<br />adaptation.
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<br />Conservation planning is a stepwise and iterative
<br />process. A number of organizations have developed
<br />conservation planning frameworks that outline the
<br />process in preparing for, drafting, and implement-
<br />ing a plan. For example, the Nature Conservancy
<br />(TNC) has developed the Conservation Action
<br />Planning (CAP) methodology as one of three key
<br />analytical methods that support the application of
<br />TNC's strategic framework for success (TNC 2007).
<br />In addition, the Conservation Measures Partner-
<br />ship (CMP) developed a set of conservation plan-
<br />ning and adaptive management standards that can
<br />be used as guidance for identifying and prioritizing
<br />conservation actions (CMP 2007). The CMP is a
<br />consortium of conservation organizations includ-
<br />ing World Wildlife Fund, RARE, National Fish and
<br />Wildlife Foundation, and others whose mission it is
<br />to improve the practice of biodiversity conservation
<br />by developing and promoting common standards for
<br />conservation planning and monitoring effectiveness
<br />(CMP 2007). These frameworks, among others,
<br />provide templates for the process and outcomes of a
<br />conservation planning effort. Although each frame-
<br />
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