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competition for food resources to support young. In subalpine meadows in Colorado, timing of early snowmelt affected the composition of co- flowering plants, potentially influencing interactions among plant species as they compete for pollinators (Forrest et al. 2010). In southern Wisconsin, records of arriv- al dates for migratory birds and first bloom of spring flowers over a 61 year period show that roughly one - third of species appeared to have advanced timing of arrival or bloom, while one -third appeared not to have advanced, and the remaining date changes were statistically indeterminate (Bradley et al. 1999). A great number of seasonal events are regulated by Table 1 -1. Observed changes in phenology attributed to recent climate change (drawn from studies reviewed in McCarty 2001). Flowering date 6 wildflower spp. 9.8 days /50 years Northeastern U.S. Oglesby and Smith (1995) 36 plant species 8.2 days /61 years Wisconsin Bradley et al. (1999) Spawning date 2 frog spp. 14 -21 days /17 years northern North Beebee (1995) America Breeding migration 3 newt spp. 35 -49 days /17 years northern North Beebee (1995) America Breeding date 20 bird spp. 8.8 days /25 years United Kingdom Crick et al. (1997) 3 bird spp. 3 -9 days /25 years Germany Winkel and Huddle (1997) Pied flycatcher 13 days /24 years Wales Slater (1999) Tree swallow 5 -9 days /33 years North America Dunn and Winkler Great tit 11.9 days /27 years England McCleery and Perrins (1998) 2 bird spp. 30 days /35 years Hudson Bay region Maclnnes et al. (1990) Mexican jay 10.1 days /27 years Arizona Brown et al. (1999) Migration date 4 bird spp. 11.9 days /50 years England Mason (1995) 39 bird spp. 5.5 days /50 years Northeastern U.S. Oglesby and Smith (1995) American robin 14 days /19 years Colorado Inouye et al. (2000) 19 bird spp. 4.4 days /61 years Wisconsin Bradley et al. (1999) End of hibernation I Yellow- bellied 23 days /23 years Colorado Inouye et al. (2000) marmot