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has exposed new species of trees to pine beetle infes- <br />tation and produced epidemic breakouts in existing <br />and new environments (Carroll et al. 2003, Logan <br />and Powell 2001). <br />Managers often employ a combination of mechani- <br />cal, chemical, and biological tools to combat invasive <br />species. Some studies predict that invasive species <br />may increase their tolerance of chemical tools such <br />as herbicides and insecticides due to higher carbon <br />dioxide levels in the atmosphere, while mechanical <br />methods such as hand- pulling of weeds may become <br />less effective under warmer conditions that no longer <br />limit overwinter survival (Hellmann et al. 2008). <br />Additionally, altered interspecific interactions may <br />change the effectiveness of some biological controls <br />(Rahel and Olden 2008). Some current controls <br />may produce unintended consequences for other <br />organisms. For example, pressure to increase use <br />of herbicides may amplify the negative effects on <br />non - target organisms, such as amphibians or aquatic <br />species (Hellmann et al. 2008). <br />Additional resources related to invasive species, <br />including a list of species occurring in North Caro- <br />lina are included in Appendix D. <br />Photo: Invasive kudzu, www.sarracenia.com <br />