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Table 4 -8. Types of biofuels (Source: Bringezu et al. 2009, © United Nations Environment Programme) <br />f0lllnlle �2 .'1 � bl a9iurds avel-A1, vi vilitl <br />I L .k ,'lG,� (iLtr;Ei4,d�rIO un Ikml' ,x j i i i 1n (G,e s k:r7(,k ?8 <br />Solid biofuels ` <br />Plant oils "' <br />Traditional use of dried <br />biomass for energy <br />1) As transport fuel: Either <br />adaptation of motors to <br />the use of plant oils; or <br />modification of plant oils <br />to be used in <br />conventional motors <br />2) For generation of <br />electricity and heat in <br />decentralised power resp. <br />CHP stations <br />Biodiesel Transesterification of <br />oil and fats to provide <br />fatty acid methyl ester <br />(FAME) and use as <br />transport fuel <br />Bioethanol Fermentation (sugar); <br />hydrolysis and <br />fermentation (starch); <br />use as transport fuel <br />Biogas (CH4, COZ, Hz) <br />Solid biofuels <br />Fermentation of <br />biomassused either in <br />decentralised systems or <br />via supply into the gas <br />pipeline system (as <br />purified biomethane); <br />1) For generation of <br />electricity and heat in <br />power resp. CHP stations <br />2) As transport fuel: <br />either 100% biogas fuel <br />or blending with natural <br />gas used as fuel <br />1) Densification of <br />biomass by torrefaction or <br />carbonisation (charcoal); <br />2) Residuals and waste for <br />generation of electricity <br />and heat (e.g. industrial <br />wastes in CHP) <br />Fuel wood, dried manure <br />1) Rapeseed oil, <br />sunflower, and other <br />oil plants, waste <br />vegetable oil <br />2) Rapeseed oil, palm oil, <br />jatropha, and other <br />oil plants <br />Europe: Rapeseed, <br />sunflower, soya <br />USA: Soya, sunflower; <br />Canada: Soya, <br />rapeseed (Canola) <br />South- and Central - <br />America: Soya, palm, <br />jatropha, castor <br />Africa: Palm, soya, <br />sunflower, jatropha <br />Asia: Palm, soya, <br />rapeseed, sunflower, <br />jatropha <br />USA: Corn <br />Brazil: Sugar cane <br />Other South- and <br />Central- America: <br />Sugar cane, cassava <br />Europe: Cereals, <br />sugar beets <br />Canada: Maize, cereals; <br />Asia. Sugar cane, <br />cassava; <br />Africa: Sugar cane, maize <br />Energy crops (e.g. maize, <br />miscanthus, short <br />rotation wood, multiple <br />cropping systems); <br />biodegrable waste <br />materials, including <br />from animal sewage <br />Wood, grass cuttings, <br />switchgrass; grains; <br />charcoal, domestic <br />refuse, and dried manure <br />Oilcake as animal feed <br />Oilcake as animal feed; <br />Glycerine; <br />Oilcake in some <br />palm oil mills used <br />for energy recovery <br />Maize and cereals yield <br />animal feed DDGS <br />(Dried Distillers Grains <br />with Solubles). <br />Sugarcane bagasse <br />is used for energy <br />recovery <br />Residues used as <br />fertiliser <br />(nutrient recycling) <br />