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All of this could take hundreds or even thousands of years to play out, conceivably <br />providing a cushion of time for civilization to adjust, but experts cannot rule out abrupt <br />changes, such as a collapse of agriculture, that would throw society into chaos much <br />sooner. Bolder efforts to limit emissions would reduce these risks, or at least slow the <br />effects, but it is already too late to eliminate the risks entirely. <br />3. Is there anything I can do? <br />Fly less, drive less, waste less. <br />There are lots of simple ways to reduce your own carbon footprint, and most of them will <br />save you money. You can plug leaks in your home insulation to save power, install a <br />smart thermostat, switch to more efficient light bulbs, turn off the lights in any room <br />where you are not using them, drive fewer miles by consolidating trips or taking public <br />transit, waste less food, and eat less meat. <br />Perhaps the biggest single thing individuals can do on their own is to take fewer airplane <br />trips; just one or two fewer plane rides per year can save as much in emissions as all the <br />other actions combined. If you want to be at the cutting edge, you can look at buying an <br />electric or hybrid car, putting solar panels on your roof, or both. <br />If you want to offset your emissions, you can buy certificates, with the money going to <br />projects that protect forests, capture greenhouse gases and so forth. <br />In the end, though, experts do not believe the needed transformation in the energy system <br />can happen without strong state and national policies. So speaking up and exercising your <br />rights as a citizen matters as much as anything else you can do. <br />4. What's the optimistic scenario? <br />Several things have to break our way. <br />In the best case that scientists can imagine, several things happen: Earth turns out to be <br />less sensitive to greenhouse gases than currently believed; plants and animals manage to <br />adapt to the changes that have already become inevitable; human society develops much <br />greater political will to bring emissions under control; and major technological <br />breakthroughs occur that help society both to limit emissions and to adjust to climate <br />change. <br />The two human - influenced variables are not entirely independent, of course: <br />Technological breakthroughs that make clean energy cheaper than fossil fuels would also <br />make it easier to develop the political will for rapid action. <br />Scientists say the odds of all these things breaking our way are not very high, <br />unfortunately. The Earth could just as easily turn out to be more sensitive to greenhouse <br />gases than less. Global warming seems to be causing chaos in parts of the natural world <br />already, and that seems likely to get worse, not better. So in the view of the experts, <br />simply banking on a rosy scenario without any real plan would be dangerous. They <br />believe the only way to limit the risks is to limit emissions. <br />