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125 GsF• /student in a 1,000 - Student
<br />school
<br />• Austere: from 90 GAF /student in
<br />a 2,000 - student school to 105 GnF/
<br />student in a 1,000 - student school.
<br />Estimated costs for the hypotheti-
<br />cal 2,000- student high school in the
<br />chart are based on a desired func-
<br />tional adequacy of excellent, or 135
<br />GsF /student. We then multiplied 135
<br />GSF /student by 2,000 students for a
<br />building area of 270,000 GSF.
<br />2. Determine construction
<br />quality. Construction quality, ex-
<br />pressed in dollar cost per gross
<br />square foot, is a measure of the qual-
<br />ity of the building —its materials,
<br />systems, and construction. Austere
<br />construction quality often features
<br />concrete blocks, tilt -up concrete
<br />walls, or prefabricated steel build-
<br />ings. Superb and grand construction
<br />frequently includes such materials as
<br />marble, brass, high - quality woods,
<br />copper, and brick.
<br />The choice of construction qual-
<br />ity —like the choice of functional
<br />adequacy —is up to you. Determine
<br />the desired level of construction
<br />quality from the following list and
<br />multiply it by the needed building
<br />area from step 1 to arrive at the
<br />building cost (line A):
<br />• Superb: 5116 /(:,F
<br />• Grand: $89h.,F
<br />• Excellent: S72h..r
<br />• Moderate: $61 /(:.F
<br />• F,conotnical: $50/,,,F
<br />• Austere: $39/(;sF
<br />To return to our hypothetical
<br />example, the desired construction
<br />quality is excellent, or S72 /6,F.
<br />Multiply the needed school area of
<br />2 -0,000 G,F by 572 /6,F for an esti-
<br />mated building cost of $19,440,000.
<br />(Costs are in January 1988 dollars.)
<br />3. Estimate site acquisition/
<br />demolition cost. The cost to ac-
<br />quire an appropriate site and de-
<br />molish any existing structures will
<br />vary. Factors that influence the cost
<br />include location, topography, soil
<br />and mineral types, utilities available,
<br />access roads, zoning, and . special
<br />considerations such as lakes, historic
<br />monuments, wildlife, water table
<br />height, and the site's influence on
<br />aquifer recharge.
<br />Base your estimate on previous
<br />site acquisition and demolition costs
<br />Chart Your Costs
<br />This cost - estimate analysis chart' shows the total budget required (line
<br />J) to build a hypothetical school (excluding the costs of acquiring capital).
<br />Before you can use this model to estimate the total budget required for
<br />a building project, you must know line A, the building cost —that is, how
<br />many gross square feet (G`3F) per student and the cost per GAF —and line
<br />E, the estimated cost for site acquisition /demolition. For information on
<br />calculating lines A and E, see the main article.
<br />A. Building cost
<br />270,000 GsF•
<br />at 572 /G,F
<br />$19,440,000"
<br />B. Fixed equipment
<br />8% of A
<br />1,555,200
<br />C. Site development
<br />15% of A
<br />2,916,000
<br />D. Total construction
<br />A + B + C
<br />23,911,200
<br />E, Site acquisition /demolition
<br />500,000
<br />F. Movable equipment
<br />8 %, of A
<br />1,555,200
<br />G. Professional fees
<br />6% of D
<br />1,434,672
<br />H. Contingencies
<br />10% of D
<br />2,391,120
<br />I. Administrative costs
<br />1% of D
<br />239,112
<br />J. Total budget required
<br />D & E through J
<br />$30,031,304
<br />' William Pena, Problem Seeking,
<br />3rd cd. Washington: A.I.A. Press, 1987
<br />" All costs in this model are based on January 1988 dollars,
<br />Al2 BUILDING EDUCATION — Moy 1989
<br />in the same area, or seek the help of
<br />a professional who knows the site
<br />and the surrounding region.
<br />The example project has a site
<br />acquisition /demolition cost (line E)
<br />of $500,000.
<br />4. Estimate other project
<br />costs. Estimate the costs of fisted
<br />equipment (line B), site develop-
<br />ment (line C), total construction
<br />(line D), movable equipment (line F),
<br />professional fees (line G), contingen-
<br />cies (line H), and administrative
<br />costs (line I) using the following
<br />calculations:
<br />• Line B, fixed equipment: 8 -12 %,
<br />of line A
<br />• Line C, site development:
<br />10-15% of line A
<br />• Line D, total construction costs:
<br />lines A + B + C
<br />• Line F, movable equipment:
<br />5 -20% of line A
<br />• Line G, professional fees: 5 -10%
<br />of line D
<br />• Line H, contingencies: 5 -15% of
<br />line D
<br />• Line 1, administrative costs:
<br />1-2% of line D
<br />The chart shows these costs as
<br />estimated for our hypothetical high
<br />school.
<br />Note that line C, site develop-
<br />ment, does not include special ath-
<br />letic facilities, such as large stadiums,
<br />tennis courts, and swimming pools.
<br />Recent trends for funding these spe-
<br />cial athletic facilities include joint
<br />participation with city recreation
<br />departments, private and corporate
<br />contributions, and project phasing
<br />over several years. These costs
<br />should be treated as lump -sum costs
<br />in addition to the project budget,
<br />5. Estimate the total budget
<br />required. Add up lines D, E, F, G,
<br />H, and I to calculate the total budget
<br />(line J) required ---in our example,
<br />$30,031,304.
<br />Controlling variables
<br />As our cost estimate model shows,
<br />many of the costs associated with
<br />building a high school do not vary
<br />appreciably. That means the factors
<br />that do vary are especially important
<br />when you're planning your building
<br />project budget. Those factors in-
<br />clude functional adequacy, con-
<br />struction quality, and site costs.
<br />Most school board members and
<br />school administrators fbcus on re-
<br />
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