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1 <br /> Although these refinements make EPNLs difficult Ito calculate <br /> without computer analysis of the noise , the refinements emerged from <br /> laboratoryexperiments in which people were asked to judgeithe loudness <br /> of aircraft events . <br /> Many people feel that annoyance caused by flyovers increases during <br /> these hours because background noises are lower at night ; thus making <br /> aircraft noise more intrusive . Therefore , to account forithe supposed <br /> increased annoyance to events occurring at night , NEF adds a weighting <br /> of approximately 12 dB to each EPNL value obtained for operations <br /> between the hours of 10: 00 p .m. and 7:00 a .m. The exact value of the <br /> weighting s engineering g an en g eating judgement , not one for which there are <br /> conclusive community response data . <br /> The NEF value at any point , then , is the energy P , , gy average of the <br /> EPNLs ( including the weighting for night flights) for each aircraft <br /> operation during a 24-hour period . A constant is subtracited from the <br /> total so that the resulting NEF value will be significantly different <br /> from the EPNL value a help in avoiding confusion between the two <br /> measures . <br /> NEF o EPNL + 10 log10 (Nd + 16. 67 N n) -88 . <br /> lir <br /> : For each of the cumulative pressures , the exposure at a point is <br /> considered to be the result of the average level adjusted for any <br /> nighttime weighting. "Average" here is an energy average , which <br /> recognizes that noisy events produce a greater impact than quiet events . <br /> The result is similar to what we found in decibel addition . <br /> equivalent Sound Level (Leq) <br /> Leq is the steady A-weighted sound level over any specified period <br /> (not necessarily 24 hours) that has the same acoustic energy as the <br /> S <br /> 19 <br /> .. •p>,:'1't'0'.•.w.l lPd^."#Yl..,'.°•i�'P'��.�-,�TI'k-�'a�.._ _..�•._._.,_ L::a ..._''I{Imr:;o.....da••...a....,__._...... ...... <br />