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44 <br /> MODEL FACTORS FOR ECONOMIC IMPACT ANALYSIS <br /> 34.Components of Project Costs(Office) <br /> Decimal <br /> Building Shell and Interior 0.45 <br /> Environmental and Service Systems 0.25 <br /> Land and Site Improvements 0.18 <br /> Fees,Interest,and Contingencies 0.12 <br /> Total Construction Costs 0.70 <br /> Total 1,00 <br /> Source:The Urban Land Institute,Office Development Handbook.Washington,DC:author,1982,p.36. <br /> 35.Employee Hours per$1,000 of Contract Expenditures(1993) <br /> Type of Labor Residential Office Retail Industrial Hotel <br /> On-Site Construction 9.2 9.4 8.1 9.1 8.1 <br /> Off-Site Construction 1.5 1.5 1.0 0.8 1.0 <br /> Manufacturing 7.8 7.9 7.1 9.8 7.1 <br /> Trade/Transportation/Services 5.7 5.3 3.8 3.6 3.8 <br /> All Others 2.6 1.5 1.3 1.6 1.3 <br /> Notes <br /> Values for residential development pertain to single-family development. <br /> Values for office development are computed from data pertinent to office buildings. <br /> Values for retail and hotel development are computed from data pertinent to commercial buildings. <br /> Values for industrial development are computed from data pertinent to sewer plants. <br /> 1993 values are estimated from 1980 values and adjusted for changes in construction cost and productivity. <br /> Construction cost increases are at an average annual rate of.03.This is an average annual rate of change for the 1980-1990 period of the U.S. <br /> Department of Commerce Composite,FHA Composite,and the Turner Construction Co.Deflator. <br /> Annual rates of productivity increase: <br /> .007(residential construction) <br /> .02(retail and hotel construction) <br /> .016(office and industrial construction) <br /> Source-.Robert Ball,"Employment Created by Contraction Expenditures,"Monthly Labor Review,December 1981;Bar- <br /> bara Bingham,"Labor and Material Requirements for Commercial Office Building Projects,"Monthly Labor Review,May <br /> 1981;John G.Olsen,"Labor and Material Requirements for Federal Building Construction,"Monthly Labor Review,Decem- <br /> ber 1981;and Dawn E.Dougherty,"Labor and Material Requirements for Hospital Construction,"Monthly Labor Review, <br /> March 1982. <br /> 36.Material Purchases per$1,000 of Contract Construction <br /> In-Region(agricultural,mining,lumber,stone/clay/glass) 105 <br /> Out of Region 315 <br /> Note <br /> Material costs constitute 42 percent of value of contract construction.Local purchases make up 25 percent of all material purchases. <br /> Source:Barbara Bingham,"Labor and Material Requirements for Commercial Office Building Projects'Monthly Labor Review,May 1981. <br /> 37.Average Hours per Job in the United States(1991) <br /> On-Site Construction 1,981 <br /> Off-Site Construction 2,000 <br /> Manufacturing 2,116 Models use 2,00 hours in each case <br /> Trade/Transportation/Services 1,719 <br /> All Others 2,085 <br /> Unweighted Average 1,895 <br /> Notes <br /> Value for trade/transportation/services is the average of the values for trade,transportation,public utilities,and services. <br /> Value for all others is the average of the values for mining and for finance,insurance,and real estate(FIRE). <br /> Overall average is the average for goods-producing and service-producing. <br /> Source:Bureau of Labor Statistics,Employment and Earnings,monthly. <br /> 266 <br />