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103 <br />Affecting the development of drive - through facilities currently Is controlled through the <br />zoning process and limitation of conditional use permits, which is exclusively under the <br />control of cities and counties. Hence, this type of control measure may be difficult to <br />implement on a regional, statewide, or national basis. <br />Equity considerations are an issue that has arisen in pastpublic policy debates over the <br />possible limitation of drive - through facilities. Is it fair to remove existing, already ap- <br />proved and operating drive- up.facilities? Conversely, is it fair to ban or even limit new <br />drive -up facilities and allow existing services to continue to operate? <br />The following implementation guidelines can be summarized; <br />• Controls on vehicle operations are probably most effectively implemented at the <br />state level. <br />• Contiols on development are the province of local jurisdictions. In this case, regional <br />and state agencies fan play a valuable technical assistance role. <br />• Controls on drive - through facilities generally are most effective as limitations rather <br />than outright bans. <br />• Design standards represent an appropriate implementation mechanism, based on <br />congestion as well as emission considerations. <br />• Data should be collected prior to enactment of any measure so as to establish the <br />magnitude of existing idling emissions that'would be impacted. <br />• Controls on extended idling of vehicles will impact existing businesses as well as the <br />public. It is important that representatives of both groups be actively involved iP the <br />planning, analysis, and development of any such controls. As evidenced by the <br />history of the proposed California legislation on heavy -duty vehicle idling, imple- <br />mentation prospects can be enhanced by actively involving potentially impacted <br />business interests in the development of proposed control measures. <br />IN Bibliography. <br />1. Guensler, Randall, Daniel Sperling, and Paul Jovanis, "Uncertainty in the Emission <br />Inventory for Heavy�Duty Diesel Powered Trucks", report prepared for the TRED <br />Foundation, Sacramento, California; Institute of Transportation Studies, University <br />of California, Davis, Research Report No. UCD- 115 -RR- 91.02, June 1991. <br />2 Guidelines for Local Air Districts Considering Transportation Control Measures <br />Directed at Heavy -Truck Operations ", report prepared by the AB2595 Technical <br />Advisory Group Established pursuant to the California Clean Air Act (Assembly Bill <br />rstradal Vditcltldliq 7 <br />